![]() No Change for the EgyptiansĪ lament written in the Middle Kingdom had got some funny things in it, for example, somebody complaining about how bad things were in the First Intermediate Period says, “Foreign bowmen have come into Egypt.” For the first time since the unification of Egypt, since Narmer, Egypt was invaded and ‘bowmen’ was a negative way to describe foreigners. ![]() Learn more about the birth of Egyptology and the role of ushabtis. But a man lamenting, complaining, thinking about suicide, is personalized, and there was a whole genre. The papyrus ended and broke off as it was damaged. If you kill yourself, you’re out of immortality.” Just don’t desert me.” And the ba says, “No. You’re not going to have me in the west in the next world, and then you can’t resurrect.” And the man says to the ba, his soul, “Listen, I will make for you a tomb that will make every ba envious of you. If you kill yourself, I’m going to desert you. I’m going to kill myself.” The ba replies, “I’ll tell you what happens. And the man said, “I’ll tell you what I’ll do, ba. It was a philosophical discussion, about whether suicide was justified. That is why it was a report of a dispute between a man and his ba. Things are terrible.” He continued, “I have no one to talk to, and brothers kill each other,” and, “I’m going to kill myself.” The ba stepped in and talked to him. It was probably during the First Intermediate Period, and he lamented, “There is no justice in the world. The papyrus, ‘The Report of a Dispute between a Man and His Ba’, talked about an unhappy man who was about to commit suicide. There were other parts, too, but the important ones were the body, the ka, and the ba. It had got the head of a man, the deceased, and the body of a bird, with the idea that the ba could flit in and out of the tomb until it was time to resurrect. However, the most important part was the ba which was one’s personality, represented by drawing on tomb walls and in papyri, in Books of the Dead. The Book of the Dead included the head of a man and the body of a bird with an idea that the ba, considered the personality of a person, would fly until its resurrection. One was called the ka, like a physical double, and there could even be a ka statue. The Egyptians believed that a person was made up of many physical parts, but there was also a soul which had lots of different aspects. The best example of ‘Lamentation’, was a papyrus called ‘The Report of a Dispute between a Man and His Ba’. It was a large genre with plenty of papyri, giving an insight into what was going on in the First Intermediate Period. It was where people were complaining, a process known as lamenting. Looking at the fiction written during the next period, the Middle Kingdom, was a body of literature called ‘Lamentations’. (Image: Rijksmuseum van Oudheden/Public domain) Turin PapyrusĪs the Turin Papyrus containing a list of several kings was damaged, turning to literature was considered the way out, even though this was not written during the First Intermediate Period. The Turin Papyrus containing the kings’ list was damaged, so the way out was to look at the fiction written during the Middle Kingdom, called the Lamentations.
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